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The Packet Filter: An Efficient Mechanism for User-Level Network Code: ACM Operating Systems Review, SIGOPS, Vol. 21, No. 5. (1987), pp. 39-51.Code to implement network protocols can be either inside the kernel of an operating system or in user-level processes. Kernel-residen t code is hard to develop, debug, and maintain, but user-level implementation s typically incur significant overhead and perform poorly. The performance of user-level network code depends on the mechanism used to demultiplex received packets. Demultiplexing in a user-level process increases the rate of context switches and system calls, resulting in poor...

Source: ACM Operating Systems Review, SIGOPS, Vol. 21, No. 5. (1987), pp. 39-51.
Attitudes towards holistic complementary and alternative medicine: a sample of healthy people in Turkey: Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 16, No. 4. (April 2007), pp. 761-768.

Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 16, No. 4. (April 2007), pp. 761-768.
Community pharmacists in Australia: barriers to information provision on complementary and alternative medicines: Pharmacy World and Science, Vol. 28, No. 6. (December 2006), pp. 366-373.Object ive To determine, by surveying Australian community pharmacists, the perceived barriers to the provision of information about complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) and suggestions for overcoming them. Method Anonymous, self-administe red survey sent to a random sample of 701 pharmacists registered in three states of Australia in 2004. Main outcome measure Pharmacists? perceived barriers to the provision of information about CAMs. Results A total of 344 questionnaires were returned by pharmacists (49% response) of which 211 (30%) were currently practising in community pharmacy. Ninety-five percent of surveyed community pharmacists indicated that they personally received enquires about CAMs, with fewer than 15% reporting they were ?very confident? in answering queries about safety, interactions or benefits of CAMs. Frequently used CAM information sources were those from manufacturers and distributors, professional newsletters and journals and textbooks. Pharmacists? perceived barriers to the provision of CAM information included a lack of suitable training (most training was informal), deficiencies in available information sources, a lack of managerial support, the need for regulatory changes, consumer beliefs about CAM safety and time constraints due to competing demands in daily practice. Pharmacists proposed improvements to overcome these barriers including improvements to training. Conclusion There is scope for pharmacy professional organisations and educational institutions to further support pharmacists in their practice through providing information on the best information sources available and training that meets the needs of undergraduate students, pharmacists and other pharmacy staff. There is a need to examine regulatory requirements concerning the provision of product information with CAMs in Australia and to implement mechanisms for increasing consumer awareness of regulatory procedures for these medicines.

Source: Pharmacy World and Science, Vol. 28, No. 6. (December 2006), pp. 366-373.
Exploring Predictors of Health Sciences Students Attitudes Towards Complementary- Alternative Medicine: Advances in Health Sciences Education, Vol. 12, No. 1. (February 2007), pp. 35-53.

Source: Advances in Health Sciences Education, Vol. 12, No. 1. (February 2007), pp. 35-53.
Physicians' Attitudes Toward Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Their Knowledge of Specific Therapies: A Survey at an Academic Medical Center: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 3, No. 4. (December 2006), pp. 495-501.

Source: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 3, No. 4. (December 2006), pp. 495-501.
A large-sample survey of first- and second-year medical student attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine in the curriculum and in practice.: Altern Ther Health Med, Vol. 13, No. 1. (b 2007), pp. 30-35.PURPOSE: To assess attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and its place in the medical school curriculum and medical practice among preclinical students at Georgetown University School of Medicine (GUSOM), Washington, DC. METHOD: Two-hundred sixty-six first-year (n=111) and second-year (n=155) medical students rated their attitudes toward CAM and 15 CAM modalities in terms of personal use, inclusion in the curriculum, and use/utility in clinical practice. RESULTS: Nearly all (91%) students agreed that "CAM includes ideas and methods from which Western medicine could benefit"; more than 85% agreed that "knowledge about CAM is important to me as a student/future practicing health professional"; and more than 75% felt that CAM should be included in the curriculum. Among all students, the most frequently indicated level of desired training was "sufficient to advise patients about use," for 11 of the 15 modalities. The greatest level of training was wanted for acupuncture, chiropractic, herbal medicine, and nutritional supplements. The descriptions of CAM in future clinical practice that occurred most frequently were endorsement, referral, or provision of acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic, herbal medicine, massage, nutritional supplements, prayer, and meditation. CONCLUSIONS: Interest in and enthusiasm about CAM modalities was high in this sample; personal experience was much less prevalent. Students were in favor of CAM training in the curriculum to the extent that they could provide advice to patients; the largest proportions of the sample planned to endorse, refer patients for, or provide 8 of the 15 modalities surveyed in their future practice.

Source: Altern Ther Health Med, Vol. 13, No. 1. (b 2007), pp. 30-35.
Perceptions of complementary and alternative medicine amongst medical students in Singapore--a survey.: Acupunct Med, Vol. 23, No. 1. (March 2005), pp. 19-26.BACKGROU ND: In view of the current upsurge of interest in, practice of, and research into, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) worldwide and locally, a survey was conducted to gauge the understanding, interest and knowledge of CAM amongst medical students in a local university. METHODS: A total of 555 first to fifth year medical students completed a questionnaire (54% response rate) designed to assess their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes to CAM in general and 16 common CAM therapies. RESULTS: Acupuncture was the best known therapy, with 57% claiming to know at least something about it. No students claimed they knew a lot about chiropractic, osteopathy, Ayuverdic medicine, homeopathy and naturopathy, and many had not ever heard of these therapies. Knowledge of commonly held beliefs about the 16 CAM modalities was generally poor, even for modalities which students claimed to know most about. A significant number of students had knowledge about CAM that was erroneous. Lack of scientific support was considered to be the main barrier to implementation of CAM. Attitudes to CAM were positive, with 92% believing that CAM includes ideas and methods from which conventional medicine can benefit, 86% wishing to know more about CAM and 91% stating that CAM would play an important role in their future medical practice. CONCLUSION: As the public's use of various healing practices outside conventional medicine accelerates, ignorance about these practices by the country's future medical practitioners risks broadening the communication gap between the public and the profession that serves them. The majority of medical students recognise this risk and are keen to bridge this gap.

Source: Acupunct Med, Vol. 23, No. 1. (March 2005), pp. 19-26.
Attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine among pharmacy faculty and students.: Am J Pharm Educ, Vol. 70, No. 6. (15 December 2006)OBJECTIVE S: To determine pharmacy faculty members' and students' attitudes and perceptions regarding the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). METHODS: A survey was used to obtain data on the following information concerning CAM: general attitudes, perceived barriers to use, training received and desired, personal use, and information sources used. RESULTS: In general, attitudes of pharmacy faculty members and students towards CAM were positive. Lack of evidence for CAM practices was considered the greatest barrier to the use of CAM by faculty members and students. Many CAM therapies were perceived to be effective. A high percentage of students desire more training in the areas of herbal medicine and nutritional supplements. Faculty members and students believe that CAM should be included in the curriculum. CONCLUSIONS: General attitudes towards CAM are positive among pharmacy faculty members and students, and most believe that CAM should be taught in the pharmacy curriculum. More resources and training of faculty members may be necessary.

Source: Am J Pharm Educ, Vol. 70, No. 6. (15 December 2006)
Changes in pharmacy students' attitudes and perceptions toward complementary and alternative medicine after completion of a required course.: Am J Pharm Educ, Vol. 70, No. 5. (15 October 2006)OBJECTIVE S: To determine whether a required course addressing complementary and alternative medicine would change students' attitudes and perceptions toward the subject and the likelihood that they would recommend various complementary and alternative medicine therapies METHODS: A survey instrument was administered to all third-year PharmD students on the first and last days of the course. The degree of change in response for each question was assessed and analyzed in order to determine the impact of the course. RESULTS: Fifty-five students (93%) completed both the preinterventio n and postinterventi on survey instrument. Over half of the students had changes in their attitudes regarding their future competence, their personal interest and experience with complementary and alternative medicine, and their personal beliefs towards the subject after completion of the course. A large proportion of students also had changes in the likelihood that they would recommend a natural product for various conditions and that they would recommend complementary and alternative medicine therapies in general. CONCLUSIONS: A required course addressing complementary and alternative medicine and natural products significantly changed students' attitudes and perceptions toward the subject, as well as their likelihood to recommend various complementary and alternative medicine therapies and natural products in a professional setting.

Source: Am J Pharm Educ, Vol. 70, No. 5. (15 October 2006)
Arthroscopic excision of the ganglion in the posterior septum by posterior trans-septal portal: report of two cases.: Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery (25 July 2008)We report two cases of ganglion cysts in the posterior septum of the knee joint, one as parameniscal cyst from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus extending to posterior septum, and the other as a cyst located in the posterior septum adjacent to the posterior cruciate ligament, which were both arthroscopical ly excised expediently by posterior trans-septal portal. The posterior compartment of the knee is not readily accessible by ordinary arthroscopic portals, and therefore has been considered as 'blind spot' conventionally . The posterior trans-septal portal is useful for assorted diagnostic or manipulative procedures in the posterior compartment of the knee.

Source: Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery (25 July 2008)

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